Skip to Main Content

PSYC 102: Writing in Psychology (Bruchmann)

This guide supports Professor Bruchmann's students in PSYC 102 for winter 2025.

What is Empirical Research?

Empirical research is conducted based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience, rather than from theory or belief. Empirical research articles are examples of primary research.

How to Recognize Empirical Journal Articles

Parts of a standard empirical research article: (articles will not necessary use the exact terms listed below.)

Abstract ... A paragraph length description of what the study includes.

Introduction...Includes a statement of the hypotheses for the research and a review of other research on the topic.

Method ...A description of how the research was conducted, such as:

  •  Who are the participants
  •  Design of the study
  •  What the participants did
  •  What measures were used

Results...Describes the outcomes of the measures of the study.

Discussion...Contains the interpretations and implications of the study.

References...Contains citation information on the material cited in the report. (also called bibliography or works cited)

Ask yourself: Could I recreate this study and test these results?


Characteristics of an Empirical Article:

  • Charts, graphs, or statistical analysis.
  •  More than 5 pages long.
  • References at the end of the article.

Type of publications that publish empirical studies:

Empirical research articles are published in scholarly or academic journals
These journals are also called “peer-reviewed"

Examples of such publications include:
        Psychology today